COURSE DURATION: 5 days

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LEVEL: Intermediate

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DESIGNED FOR YOU, IF YOU ARE...

•    A petroleum Engineer

•    Production Engineer

•    A development geologist, reservoir modeller or field engineer

•    A production manager

•    Field manager

•    Drilling manager, etc.

 

By the end of the course you will feel confident in your understanding of:​

• Skin Damage monitoring

• Selection of Additives

• Designing a Stimulation Job.

• Main parameters and KPI’s for a successful Stimulation Operation.

• Coiled Tubing for a successful Stimulation

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WHAT ARE THE GOALS?

• Introduction to stimulation operations

• Formation damage mechanisms and their identification

• Brainstorming on skin damage

• Acids reactions and their selection for carbonates and sandstones

• Acids and additives used in matrix stimulation

• Candidate well selection

• Acid treatment design

• Acid placement and diverting technologies

• Acid displacement and flow back

• Laboratory tests

• Acid fracturing basics

• HSE and acidizing operations

• Safety & quality assurance

• Well Integrity Principles

• Coiled Tubing and its importance in Stimulation Operations

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How will this Training Course be presented?

This Course will be presented using properly designed slides, some with animation and several videos on relevant issues. Teaching methods include also calculations on related issues.

Several examples of actual Stimulation Programs will be presented. 

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DAILY AGENDA​

 

Day 1: Well Stimulation Objectives

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Introduction to Formation Damage

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• Overview of Formation Damage

• Schematic Formation Damage

• Sources of Formation Damage

• Types of Formation Damage

• Economic Implications

• Diagnosis of Formation Damage

• Identifying Formation damage

• Formation Damage Mechanisms

• Mitigation and Remediation

• Near Wellbore Damage

• Production Damage due to Fines Migration

• Depth of Damage

• Wellbore Damage Cleanout

• Filtrate Invasion

• Sludges

• Scale Damage and Removal

• Lab Tests to investigate Formation Damage

• Monitoring the Acid Flow Back

• Sampling and Testing Flowback

• Spent Acid Clean up

• Capturing Information Before, During and After the job

• Damage Removal Treatment Process

 

Well Stimulation, Fundamentals and Techniques

 

• Types of well stimulation

• Reasons to Stimulate a well

• Matrix Treatment Selection

• Stimulation Concept and Objectives

• Types of Acid Treatments (Video)

• Acid Definition

• Important Steps for a Successful Acid Job

• Selection of Candidates for Stimulation

• Productivity Index

• Examples of calculation of Productivity Index

• Matrix Treatment Design Methodology

• Skin Effect and Skin Factor

• Skin Effect and Skin Factor(Video)

• Negative versus Positive Skin Factor

• The Composit Skin Effects

• Schematic of Formation Damage

• Skin Due to Damage/Stimulation

• Skin Due to several causes

 

Concepts of Porosity and Permeability

 

• Darcy’s Law

• Porosity

• Permeability

• Porosity and Permeability

• Permeability Chart for Typical Sediments

• Rock Wettability State

• Controling Wettability

 

Day 2: Reservoir Geology

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Diagenesis of Sandstones and Carbonates

 

• Diagenesis (Geology)

• Complex Structures

• Diagenesis of Sandstones

• Deposition, Compaction and Cementation

• Calcite and Quartz

• Composition of Sandstone Minerals

• Dolomites

• Carbonate Rocks

• Hydrocarbon Reservoirs

 

Types of acids

 

• Acid definition

• HCL in Oil Industry

• Strong Acids

• Organic Acids

• Retarded Acids

• Emulsified HCL

• HCL/HF Acids (Mud Acids) and Sandstones

• Other acid Systems

• Gases used in Acidizing

• VES – HCl Gelling and breaking

• HSE Key Points

 

Treatment Guidelines

 

• Checklist for Acid Job Design

• Formation Fluid Criteria

• Vertical/Horizontal Well Considerations

• Definition of Acidization Treatments Matrix Acidizing

• Matrix Treatment Selection and Guidelines

• Mechanical Techniques

• Job Supervision and Quality Control

• Injection Testing

• Sampling and Titration

• After job follow up

• Acid Jobs that DON’T Work

• Why are there failures?

 

Types of Acids for Different Formations and Compositions

 

• Objectives of Carbonate and Sandstone Acidizing

• When Acidizing

• Matrix Acidizing of Carbonates

• Classification of Carbonates

• Acid Selection for Carbonates

• Acid Volume Selection (Carbonates)

• Carbonate acidizing

• Mechanisms of Dissolution

• Optimal Wormholing Conditions

• Matrix Acidizing of Naturally Fractured Carbonates

• Carbonates - Vertical Wells

• Carbonates - Horizontal Wells

 

Day 3: Sandstone Acidizing

 

Acidizing of Sandstones

 

• Matrix Acidizing of Sandstones (Video)

• Acid Selection for Sandstones

• Sandstone Acidizing

• Use of HF

• Acid Selection Guideline for Main Acid (Sandstones)

• Field Trials

• Example calculations

 

Clays

 

• The Clay Issues in Sandstones

• Clay Types & Damaging Mechanisms

• Delay in Producing of HF Acid

• Deep penetration in the Formation

• Laboratory testing for optimal acid selection

• Acid Volume Selection

• Permeability Change Modeling

 

Sandstone Acid Systems

 

• HCl Preflush

• HCL Preflush Design

• Postflush Design

• Corrosivity

• Soaking-Agitation

• Soaking Tests Performed on Clay Minerals

• Lab Test & Results

 

Insitu-HF Acid System

 

• Coating Formed by Insitu-HF Acid System

• Chemistry of the In-situ HF acid System

• Conventional Mud Acid vs In-situ HF Acid System

• Field Trials

• Average Formation Mineralogy

• Treatment Design ( in 3 Stages)

• Cases 1 to 4

• Conclusions

 

Day 4: Sandstone vs Carbonate Acidizing

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Sandstone Acidizing vs Carbonate Acidizing

 

• Matrix Acidizing Volume Guidelines (Sandstones)

• Example of Calculation of In-situ HF Acidizing in a Sandstone Reservoir

• Stimulation of Sandstones (Vertical Wells)

• Stimulation of Sandstones (Horizontal Wells)

• Sandstone Acidizing Selection for Shallow Damage

• Sandstone Acidizing System for Deep Damage

• Formation Mineralogy and formation Permeability

• Formation Fluid Compatibility

• Formation Mineral Compatibility

• HCL Pre-flush (sandstones)

• Over flush (or Post-flush)

• Typical Over flushes for HF Treatments

 

Precipitation Challenges

 

• Precipitates (in Sandstones)

• Methods of Controlling Precipitates

• Attention to the Completion Fluid

• Formation Response to Acid

• Example of a Gas Well Damaged by Stimulation

• Formation Properties

• Productivity Enhancement from Matrix Acidizing

• Reaction of phosphoric acid leading to HF

 

Additives for Acidizing

 

• Common Acid Additives

• Applications of the Additives

• Iron Control

• Attack of Hydrochloric Acid on Iron

• Mechanisms of Inhibition

• Iron-Control Agents

• Iron Stabilizers / Reducing Agents

• EDTA - Ethylene-Diamine-Tetra-Acetic acid

• Factors Affecting Iron Control Agent Choice

• Acid Corrosion Inhibitors

• Surfactants

• Types and Applications of Surfactants

• Special Additives

• Friction Reducers

• Organic Solvents

• Alcohols

• Gelling and Fluid Loss Agents

• Solvent Selection Chart

• Commercially Available Solvents

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Emulsions, Sludges and Slcales

 

• Emulsions

• Sludges

• Emulsion Blocking

• Factors Affecting Sludges

• Anti-Sludge Strategy

• Adverse Fluid Reactions

• HCL Emulsion with Oil Base Mud

• Oil Base Mud Clean-up

• Scales: The Scaling Process

• Sources of Scale Deposition

• Autoscaling

• Types of Mineral Scales

• pH independent Scales

• pH dependent Scales

• Incompatible Mixing

• Field Observations

• Iron Scales

• Scales Removal

• Convencional Scale Inhibitors

• Organic Deposits

• Characteristics of Organic Deposits

• Naphtenates, Asphaltenes and Paraffins

• Non-Acid Matrix Treatments

 

Field Equipment for Acid Jobs

 

• Acid Pumping Units

• Acid Storage Tanks

• Acid Transportation Tanks

 

Acid Placement and Diversion

 

• Objectives

• Mechanical Acid Placement

• Acid Placement & Diversion

• Diverting

• Examples - Acid Placement Importance

• Mechanical Devices: Bridge Plugs and Ball Sealers

• Particulate Diverting Agents

• Chemical Diverting Agents

• Chemical Methods

• Viscous Diversion (Visco-elastics Surfactants)

• Micelles

• In-Situ Gelled Acid

• Polymer Viscosity Controling Acid Placement

• The MAPDIR Technique

• Comparison of Diversion Methods

 

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Day 5: Lab Testing and Recommended Compositions

 

Formation Fluid Analysis

 

• Lab Testing : Core Testing

• Wettability and Petrophysics

• Acid Solubility

• Important points related to Solubility Test

• Porosity and Permeability Measurement

• Core Flow Tests

• Emulsion Tests

• Sludge Testing

• HF byproduct Solubility in water

• Well diagnostic

• Laboratory Study (Field Case)

• Job Design

• Typical HF Acid Treatment

• Treatment Sequences 1: Preflush

• Treatment Sequences 2: Main Treatment

• Treatment Sequence 3: Overflush

• Treatment Sequence 4: Flowback

• Acid Formulation Design Summary

 

Fracture Acidizing

 

• Acid Fracturing Treatment

• Advances in Hydraulic Fracturing

• Acid Fracturing Treatment Design

• Acid Penetration in Fractures

• Acid Penetration Distance

• Effect of Acid on Condutivity and Penetration

• Acid Fracture Versus Propped Fracture Decision

• Acid Penetration Modelling

• Acid Fracture Conductivity System

• Production Improvement from Stimulation

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Coiled Tubing for Successful Stimulation Jobs

 

• CT Operations - Job design & Execution Elements

• Pickling Treatment

• Benefits of CT over Conventional WO Rigs

• CT Overview

• CT Equipment

 

Course Overview and wrap-up

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• Lessons learned summary

• Q&A and feedback session

• Certificate distribution

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INSTRUCTORS:

TBA